The History of the Freedom Riders Movement

The History of the Freedom Riders Movement In 1961, men and women from throughout the nation arrived in Washington, D.C. to end Jim Crow  on interstate travel by embarking on what were called â€Å"Freedom Rides.†Ã‚  On such rides, racially mixed activists traveled together throughout the Deep South- ignoring signs marked â€Å"for whites† and â€Å"for colored† in buses and bus terminals. The riders endured beatings and arson attempts from white supremacist mobs, but their struggles paid off when segregationist policies on interstate bus and rail lines were struck down. Despite these achievements, the Freedom Riders aren’t the household names like Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr., but they’re civil rights heroes nonetheless. Both Parks and King would be heralded as heroes for their roles in ending segregated bus seating  in Montgomery, Ala.   How the Freedom Rides Got Started In the 1960 case Boynton v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional. But the high court’s ruling didn’t stop segregation on interstate bus and rail lines in the South from persisting. Enter the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a civil rights group. CORE sent seven blacks and six whites on two public buses headed for the South on May 4, 1961. The goal? To test the Supreme Court ruling on segregated interstate travel in the Confederate states. For two weeks, the activists planned to flout Jim Crow laws by sitting on the front of buses and in â€Å"whites only† waiting rooms in bus terminals. â€Å"Boarding that Greyhound bus to travel to the Deep South, I felt good. I felt happy,† Rep. John Lewis recalled during a May 2011  appearance on â€Å"The Oprah Winfrey Show.† Then a seminary student, Lewis would go on to become a U.S. congressman. During the first few days of their trip, the mixed-race group of activists traveled largely without incident. They didn’t have security and didn’t need it- yet. After arriving in Atlanta on May 13, 1961, they even attended a reception hosted by the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., but the celebration took on a decidedly ominous tone when King alerted them that the Ku Klux Klan was organizing against them in Alabama. Despite King’s warning, the Freedom Rides did not change their course. As expected, when they reached Alabama, their journey took a turn for the worse. A Perilous Journey On the outskirts of Anniston, Alabama, members of a white supremacist mob showed just what they thought about the Freedom Riders by bashing in their bus and slashing its tires. To boot, the Alabama Klansmen set the bus on fire and blocked the exits to trap the Freedom Riders inside. It wasn’t until the bus’ fuel tank exploded that the mob dispersed and the Freedom Riders were able to escape. After a similar mob attacked the Freedom Riders in Birmingham, the U.S. Justice Department stepped in and evacuated the activists to New Orleans. The federal government did not want more harm to come to the riders. The Second Wave Due to the amount of violence inflicted on Freedom Riders, the leaders of CORE had to abandon the Freedom Rides or continue sending activists into harm’s way. Ultimately, CORE officials decided to send more volunteers on the rides.  Diane Nash, an activist who helped to organize Freedom Rides, explained  to Oprah Winfrey: â€Å"It was clear to me that if we allowed the Freedom Ride to stop at that point, just after so much violence had been inflicted, the message would have been sent that all you have to do to stop a nonviolent campaign is inflict massive violence.† On the second wave of rides, activists journeyed from Birmingham to Montgomery, Alabama in relative peace. Once the activists touched down in Montgomery, though, a mob of more than 1,000 attacked the riders. Later, in Mississippi, Freedom Riders were arrested for entering a whites-only waiting room in a Jackson bus terminal. For this act of defiance, authorities arrested the Freedom Riders, housing them in one of Mississippi’s most notorious correctional facilities- Parchman State Prison Farm. â€Å"The reputation of Parchman is that it’s a place that a lot of people get sent . . . and don’t come back,† former Freedom Rider Carol Ruth told Winfrey. During the summer of 1961, 300 Freedom Riders were imprisoned there. An Inspiration Then and Now The struggles of the Freedom Riders garnered nationwide publicity. Rather than intimidate other activists, however, the brutality the riders encountered inspired others to take up the cause. Before long, dozens of Americans were volunteering to travel on Freedom Rides. In the end, an estimated 436 people took such rides. The efforts of the Freedom Riders were finally rewarded when the Interstate Commerce Commission decided on Sept. 22, 1961, to ban segregation in interstate travel. Today, the contributions the Freedom Riders made to civil rights are the subject of a PBS documentary called Freedom Riders. In addition, in 2011, 40 students commemorated the Freedom Rides of 50 years before by boarding buses that retraced the journey of the first set of Freedom Riders.

Free Essays on Glory

The Civil war was a major part in our countries history. This is not better remembered than in the movie â€Å"Glory.† In the movie they show many trials and tribulations faced by the black soldiers. It illustrates the black soldiers’ feelings and hardships through the war. As the movie starts a white general is told he has to lead a black unit. He was not very excited at first. Many men would not dare lead them. After awhile you begin to meet some of the men and find that thy all are very different in their own way. Some wanted to fight with everybody and some didn’t want to fight anybody. The men’s personalities really began to come out and the general eventually takes a liking to his men. Training was no easy run through for the men either. Many of the white generals were very mean to the black soldiers. They would beat them and do things never attempted on white men. The general eventually tried to stick up for his men. As the war progressed, the men started getting down realizing they would never get to fight. They were denied the right. The general, however came up with a plan, he knew things about a higher officer who would not let the men fight. The blackmail proved successful and they got to see their first battle. They only suffered a few casualties and won part of the battle. Time in the war moved on and the blacks were made to do many other chores such as digging trenches. Blacks had to do much of the grunt work while the white soldiers never gave them any respect. They would almost start to fight each other every time they would pass by. All they wanted to do was to serve for ones country and they were still persecuted. Meanwhile the general is trying to lead the troops as best he can. One day a man who had been promoted from the black ranks asked for shoes. The general did not understand for he did not know that the men where all suffering from aching feet. The general was outrage... Free Essays on Glory Free Essays on Glory The Civil war was a major part in our countries history. This is not better remembered than in the movie â€Å"Glory.† In the movie they show many trials and tribulations faced by the black soldiers. It illustrates the black soldiers’ feelings and hardships through the war. As the movie starts a white general is told he has to lead a black unit. He was not very excited at first. Many men would not dare lead them. After awhile you begin to meet some of the men and find that thy all are very different in their own way. Some wanted to fight with everybody and some didn’t want to fight anybody. The men’s personalities really began to come out and the general eventually takes a liking to his men. Training was no easy run through for the men either. Many of the white generals were very mean to the black soldiers. They would beat them and do things never attempted on white men. The general eventually tried to stick up for his men. As the war progressed, the men started getting down realizing they would never get to fight. They were denied the right. The general, however came up with a plan, he knew things about a higher officer who would not let the men fight. The blackmail proved successful and they got to see their first battle. They only suffered a few casualties and won part of the battle. Time in the war moved on and the blacks were made to do many other chores such as digging trenches. Blacks had to do much of the grunt work while the white soldiers never gave them any respect. They would almost start to fight each other every time they would pass by. All they wanted to do was to serve for ones country and they were still persecuted. Meanwhile the general is trying to lead the troops as best he can. One day a man who had been promoted from the black ranks asked for shoes. The general did not understand for he did not know that the men where all suffering from aching feet. The general was outrage...

Social Entrepreneurism Module Case Study Coursework

Social Entrepreneurism Module Case Study - Coursework Example Therefore, their goals are short term, and they are the beneficiaries in the business venture. Parallel to this, social entrepreneurs invest in long-term investments where the society is the immediate beneficiary (Dees, Emerson & Economy, 2002). John Mackey started a healthy grocery using funds from savings and family borrowing. The main goal of John Mackey in starting the business was to help people acquire healthy groceries to reduce increased health problems. Later on, the business merged with two other groceries to form the ‘whole foods’. John Mackey is a social entrepreneur because his business had a long-term business venture with the first priority to promote societys prosperity to the maximum. He also confessed that he wanted to create a business venture that would promote human well-being for the community at large. He spent six years in school learning business entrepreneurship. He dropped from school frequently to support his social entrepreneurship venture. There are several characteristics that I learned from John Mackey’s entrepreneurship skills. There are various skills that I would relate to John Mackey’s entrepreneurship skills. First, he is skilled in the field of entrepreneurship. John Mackey spent years in college mostly learning the fields that he was interested in most. These skills helped him fulfill his entrepreneurship goal. This shows the need for one to have entrepreneurship knowledge, which helps one to make the right business decisions. Second, Mackey was determined to see his business venture succeed. He used six years in college learning and entrepreneuring at the same time. This shows how much determination it takes for a social entrepreneur to be successful. Third, Mackey was strategic in making his business decisions. He saw the need for his business to merge with two other groceries in order for the business to be more stable and increase the customer numbers. Lastly, Mackey was passionate in providing

Analysis of The Circus by George Seurat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of The Circus by George Seurat - Essay Example The essay "Analysis of The Circus by George Seurat" examines the painting of famous artist Seurat. Due to the method’s demand for hard work, prevented its completion despite the published fact that he usually stays by himself working for long hours of the day and through the night on his paintings. The Circus as the title implies is the setting of the picture which shows the ringmaster on the forefront, the joyful dancing of the lady, prancing horse and the clown on his upside-down stunt. The painting depicts the gaiety going in the circus considered to have been a part of his experimentation of colors, as he also considered emotional characters coming out from his former mood of being very formal and static. Created during the years when Paris was still feeling the effects of the Franco-Prussian war, â€Å"The Circus† portrays the other side of the great devastation experienced during this time which recorded 36,000 people who died of starvation when the Germans besieg ed Paris and cut off all food supplies. Despite this fact, France rose to gather great minds from around the world and introduce their expertise and studies. It has been noted that Seurat and other impressionists never portrayed the dark side of the circumstances in France which could most probably be the reason behind the subject of this painting because Seurat would rather leave an impression to his audiences of the joyful pleasures the circus brings. During the time of Seurat, artworks have been a major contribution to the development of the country., attracting peoples from around the world not only in arts but also in other areas like philosophy, Sciences and Mathematics so that France then became the center of information and development. One of the developments produced in this era is what Seurat birthed as the Pointillism mentioned earlier which is also known as neo-impressionism. This was also the time when the ‘salon’, the French Academy of Art controlled the industry, dictating theme and style used in the artworks so that Seurat’s modern approach to his artwork was rejected because it was considered to be against the then generally accepted perception of art and beauty. The salon gave good exposure of artists and their works so it has been a very powerful tool to the success or fall of artists. Seurat was sneered at and his works have been despised by the impressionists but these did not thwart him in pursuing his personal style of performing arts in what he believed he could effectively use. He then joined hands with other artists whose works have also been rejected by the salon and formed an independent body where they coordinated their own exhibits. Contrary to what Seurat experienced with the impressionists, his artwork has been acclaimed by the increasingly educated population in the use of modern concepts. This gave Seurat a platform to continue with his style which he was known for and also to be the father of which, takin g a little following and influencing other successful artists during his time. The ringmaster’s whip and the whiplash is the motif repetitively expressed in

Social Science Disciplines Essay Example for Free

Social Science Disciplines Essay Demography is the study of populations and population changes and trends, using resources such as statistics of births, deaths and disease. †¢Social Statistics, Methods and Computing involves the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative social science data. Development Studies, Human Geography and Environmental Planning †¢Development Studies is a multidisciplinary branch of the social sciences which addresses a range of social and economic issues related to developing or low-income countries. †¢Human Geography studies the world, its people, communities and cultures, and differs from physical geography mainly in that it focuses on human activities and their impact for instance on environmental change. †¢Environmental Planning explores the decision-making processes for managing relationships within and between human systems and natural systems, in order to manage these processes in an effective, transparent and equitable manner. Economics, Management and Business Studies †¢Economics seeks to understand how individuals interact within the social structure, to address key questions about the production and exchange of goods and services. †¢Management and Business Studies explores a wide range of aspects relating to the activities and management of business, such as strategic and operational management, organisational psychology, employment relations, marketing, accounting, finance and logistics. Education, Social Anthropology, and Linguistics †¢Education is one of the most important social sciences, exploring how people learn and develop. †¢Social Anthropology is the study of how human societies and social structures are organised and understood. †¢Linguistics focuses on language and how people communicate through spoken sounds and words. Law, Economic and Social History †¢Law focuses on the rules created by governments and people to ensure a more orderly society. †¢Economic and Social History looks at past events to learn from history and better understand the processes of contemporary society. Politics and International Relations †¢Politics focuses on democracy and the relationship between people and policy, at all levels up from the individual to a national and international level. †¢International Relations is the study of relationships between countries, including the roles of other organisations. Psychology and Sociology †¢Psychology studies the human mind and try to understand how people and groups experience the world through various emotions, ideas, and conscious states. †¢Sociology involves groups of people, rather than individuals, and attempts to understand the way people relate to each other and function as a society or social sub-groups. Science and Technology Studies †¢Science and Technology Studies is concerned with what scientists do, what their role is in our society, the history and culture of science, and the policies and debates that shape our modern scientific and technological world. Social Policy and Social Work †¢Social Policy is an interdisciplinary and applied subject concerned with the analysis of societies responses to social need, focusing on aspects of society, economy and policy that are necessary to human existence, and how these can be provided. †¢Social Work focuses on social change, problem-solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance social justice. This article is about the science studying social groups. For the integrated field of study intended to promote civic competence, see Social studies. Social science refers to the academic disciplines concerned with the society and the relationships of individuals within a society, which primarily rely on empirical approaches. It is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to anthropology, economics, political science,psychology and sociology. In a wider sense, it may often include humanities[1] such as archaeology, area studies, communication studies,cultural studies, folkloristics, history, law, linguistics, and rhetoric. The term may however be used in the specific context of referring to the original science of society, established in 19th century, sociology (Latin: socius, companion; Greek ÃŽ »ÃÅ'ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š, là ³gos, word, knowledge, study.). Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber are typically cited as the principal architects of modern social science by this definition.[2] Positivist social scientists use methods resembling those of the natural sciences as tools for understanding society, and so define science in its stricter modern sense. Interpretivist social scientists, by contrast, may use social critique or symbolic interpretation rather than constructing empirically falsifiable theories, and thus treat science in its broader sense. In modern academic practice, researchers are often eclectic, using multiple methodologies (for instance, by combining the quantitative and qualitative techniques). The term social research has also acquired a degree of autonomy as practitioners from various disciplines share in its aims and methods The history of the social sciences begins in the Age of Enlightenment after 1650, which saw a revolution within natural philosophy, changing the basic framework by which individuals understood what was scientific. Social sciences came forth from the moral philosophy of the time and was influenced by the Age of Revolutions, such as the Industrial revolution and the French revolution.[3]The social sciences developed from the sciences (experimental and applied), or the systematic knowledge-bases or prescriptive practices, relating to the social improvement of a group of interacting entities.[4][5] The beginnings of the social sciences in the 18th century are reflected in various grand encyclo pedia of Diderot, with articles from Rousseau and other pioneers. The growth of the social sciences is also reflected in other specialized encyclopedias. The modern period saw social science first used as a distinct conceptual field.[6] Social science was influenced by positivism,[3] focusing on knowledge based on actual positive sense experience and avoiding the negative; metaphysical speculation was avoided. Auguste Comte used the term science social to describe the field, taken from the ideas of Charles Fourier; Comte also referred to the field as social physics.[3][7] Following this period, there were five paths of development that sprang forth in the Social Sciences, influenced by Comte on other fields.[3] One route that was taken was the rise of social research. Large statistical surveys were undertaken in various parts of the United States and Europe. Another route undertaken was initiated by Émile Durkheim, studying social facts, andVilfredo Pareto,  opening metatheoretical ideas and individual theories. A third means developed, arising from the methodological dichotomy present, in which the social phenomena was identifi ed with and understood; this was championed by figures such as Max Weber. The fourth route taken, based in economics, was developed and furthered economic knowledge as a hard science. The last path was the correlation of knowledge and social values; the antipositivism and verstehen sociology of Max Weber firmly demanded on this distinction. In this route, theory (description) and prescription were non-overlapping formal discussions of a subject. Around the start of the 20th century, Enlightenment philosophy was challenged in various quarters. After the use of classical theories since the end of the scientific revolution, various fields substituted mathematics studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure. The development of social science subfields became very quantitative in methodology. The interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into human behavior, social and environmental factors affecting it, made many of the natural sciences interested in some aspects of social science methodo logy.[8] Examples of boundary blurring include emerging disciplines like social research of medicine, sociobiology, neuropsychology, bioeconomics and the history and sociology of science. Increasingly, quantitative research and qualitative methods are being integrated in the study of human action and its implications and consequences. In the first half of the 20th century, statistics became a free-standing discipline of applied mathematics. Statistical methods were used confidently. In the contemporary period, Karl Popper and Talcott Parsons influenced the furtherance of the social sciences.[3] Researchers continue to search for a unified consensus on what methodology might have the power and refinement to connect a proposed grand theory with the various midrange theories which, with considerable success, continue to provide usable frameworks for massive, growing data banks; for more, see consilience. The social sciences will for the foreseeable future be composed of different zones in the re search of, and sometime distinct in approach toward, the field.[3] The term social science may refer either to the specific sciences of society established by thinkers such as Comte, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber, or more generally to all disciplines outside of noble science and arts. By the late 19th century, the academic social sciences were constituted of five fields: jurisprudence and amendment of the law, education, health, economy and trade, and art.[4] Around the start of the 21st century, the expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism.[9] Branches of social science[edit source | editbeta] Social Science areas The following are problem areas and discipline branches within the social sciences.[3] †¢Anthropology †¢Area studies †¢Business studies †¢Communication studies †¢Criminology †¢Demography †¢Development studies †¢Economics †¢Education †¢Geography †¢History †¢Industrial relations †¢Information science †¢Law †¢Library science †¢Linguistics †¢Media studies †¢Political science †¢Psychology †¢Public administration †¢Sociology The Social Science disciplines are branches of knowledge which are taught and researched at the college or university level. Social Science disciplines are defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned Social Science societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong. Social Science fields of study usually have several sub-disciplines or branches, and the distinguishing lines between these are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Anthropology[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Anthropology Anthropology is the holistic science of man, a science of the totality of human existence. The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the Social Sciences, Humanities, and Human Biology. In the twentieth century, academic disciplines have often been institutionally divided into three broad domains. The natural sciences seek to derive general laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments. The humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras. The social scienceshave generally attempted to develop scientific methods to understand social phenomena in a generalizable way, though usually with methods distinct from those of the natural sciences. The anthropological social sciences often develop nuanced descriptions rather than the general laws derived in physics or chemistry, or they may explain individual cases through more general principles, as in many fields of psychology. Anthropology (like some fields of history) does not easily fit into one of these categories, and different branches of anthropology draw on one or more of these domains.[10] Within the United States, Anthropology is divided into four sub-fields:Archaeology, Physical or Biological Anthropology, Anthropological Linguistics, and Cultural Anthropology. It is an area that is offered at most undergraduate institutions. The word anthropos (ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¸Ã Ãâ€°Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š) is from the Greek for human being or person. Eric Wolf described sociocultural anthropology as the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the sciences. The goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field, they always keep in mind the biological, linguistic, historic and cultural aspects of any problem. Since anthropology arose as a science in Western societies that were complex and industrial, a major trend within anthropology has been a methodological drive to study peoples in societies with more simple social organization, sometimes called primitive in  anthropological literature, but without any connotation of inferior.[11] Today, anthropologists use terms such as less complex societies or refer to specific modes of subsistence or production, such as pastoralist or forager or horticulturalist to refer to humans living in non-industrial, non-Western cultures, such people or folk (ethnos) remaining of great interest within anthropology. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs.[12] In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. It is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture. These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological.[13] Communication studies[edit source | editbeta] Main articles: Communication studies and History of communication studies Communication studies deals with processes of human communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning. The discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation to mass media outlets such as television broadcasting. Communication studies also examines how messages are interpreted through the political, cultural, economic, and social dimensions of their contexts. Communication is institutionalized under many different names at different universities, including communication, communication studies, speech communication, rhetorical studies, communication science, media studies, communication arts, mass communication, media ecology, and communication and media science. Communication studies integrates aspects of both social sciences and the humanities. As a social science, the discipline often overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy, among others. From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece). The field applies to outside disciplines as well, including engineering, architecture, mathematics, and information science. Economics[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Economics Economics is a social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.[14] The word economics is from the Greek ÃŽ ¿Ã¡ ¼ ¶ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š [oikos], family, household, estate, and ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š [nomos], custom, law, and hence means household management or management of the state. An economist is a person using economic concepts and data in the course of employment, or someone who has earned a degree in the subject. The classic brief definition of economics, set out by Lionel Robbins in 1932, is the science which studies human behavior as a relation between scarce means having alternative uses. Without scarcity and alternative uses, there is no economic problem. Briefer yet is the study of how people seek to satisfy needs and wants and the study of the financial aspects of human behavior. Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front inChichicastenango Market, Guatemala. Economics has two broad branches: microeconomics, where the unit of analysis is the individual agent, such as a household or firm, andmacroeconomics, where the unit of analysis is an economy as a whole. Another division of the subject distinguishes positive economics, which seeks to predict and explain economic phenomena, from normative economics, which orders choices and actions by some criterion; such orderings necessarily involve subjective value judgments. Since the early part of the 20th century, economics has focused largely on measurable quantities, employing both theoretical models and empirical analysis. Quantitative models, however, can be traced as far back as the physiocratic school. Economic reasoning has been increasingly applied in recent decades to other social situations such as politics, law, psychology, history, religion,marriage and family life, and other social interactions. This paradigm crucially assumes (1) that resources are scarce because they are not sufficient to satisfy all wants, and (2) that economic value is willingness to pay as revealed for instance by market (arms length) transactions. Rival heterodoxschools of thought, such as  institutional economics, green economics, Marxist economics, and economic sociology, make other grounding assumptions. For example, Marxist economics assumes that economics primarily deals with the exchange of value, and that labor (human effort) is the source of all value. The expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism.[9][15] Education[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Education Europes oldest university, the University of Bologna, Italy Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positivejudgement and well-developed wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation (seesocialization). To educate means to draw out, from the Latin educare, or to facilitate the realization of an individuals potential and talents. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology,philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology.[16] The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the childs development.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal schooling (thus Mark Twains admonition to never let school interfere with your education). Family members may have a profound educational effect — often more profound than they realize — though family teaching may function very informally. Human geography[edit source | editbeta] Main articles: Geography and Human geography Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields: human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. This mayinvolveCultural geography, transportation, health, military operations, and cities. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation life,soil, oceans, water and landforms are produced and interact.[17] Physical geography examines phenomena related to the measurement of earth. As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans.[18] Other branches of geography include Social geography,regional geography, and geomatics. Geographers attempt to understand the earth in terms of phys ical and spatial relationships. The first geographers focused on the science of mapmaking and finding ways to precisely project the surface of the earth. In this sense, geography bridges some gaps between the natural sciences and social sciences. Historical geography is often taught in a college in a unified Department of Geography. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline, closely related to GISc, that seeks to understand humanity and its natural environment. The fields of Urban Planning, Regional Science, andPlanetology are closely related to geography. Practitioners of geography use many technologies and methods to collect data such as GIS, remote sensing, aerial photography, statistics, andglobal positioning systems (GPS). History[edit source | editbeta] Main article: History History is the continuous, systematic narrative and research into past human events as interpreted through historiographical paradigms or theories, such as the Turner Thesis about the American frontier. History has a base in both the social sciences and the humanities. In the United States the National Endowment for the Humanities includes history in its definition of a Humanities (as it does for applied Linguistics).[19] However, the National Research Council classifies History as a Social science.[20] The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians useprimary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. The Social Science History Association, formed in 1976, brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested insocial history.[21] Law[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Law Law in common parlance, means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions.[22] However, many laws are based on norms accepted by a community and thus have an ethical foundation. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on ones view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a system of rules,[23] as an interpretive concept[24] to achieve justice, as an authority[25] to mediate peoples interests, and even as the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction.[26] However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of historys stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law,company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth. The noun law derives from the late Old English lagu, meaning something laid down or fixed[27] and the adjective legal comes from the Latin word lex.[28] Linguistics[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Linguistics Ferdinand de Saussure, recognized as the father of modern linguistics Linguistics investigates the cognitive and social aspects of human language. The field is divided into areas that focus on aspects of the linguistic signal, such as syntax (the study of the rules that govern the structure of sentences), semantics (the study of meaning), morphology (the study of the structure of words), phonetics (the study of speech sounds) and phonology (the study of the abstract sound system of a particular language); however, work in areas like evolutionary linguistics (the study of the origins and evolution of language) and psycholinguistics (the study of psychological  factors in human language) cut across these divisions. The overwhelming majority of modern research in linguistics takes a predominantly synchronic perspective (focusing on language at a particular point in time), and a great deal of it—partly owing to the influence of Noam Chomsky—aims at formulating theories of the cognitive processing of language. However, language does not exist in a vacuum, or only in the brain, and approaches like contact linguistics, creole studies, discourse analysis, social interactional linguistics, and sociolinguistics explore language in its social context. Sociolinguistics often makes use of traditional quantitative analysis and statistics in investigating the frequency of features, while some disciplines, like contact linguistics, focus on qualitative analysis. While certain areas of linguistics can thus be understood as clearly falling within the social sciences, other areas, like acoustic phonetics and neurolinguistics, draw on the natural sciences. Linguistics draws only secondarily on the humanities, which played a rather greater role in linguistic inquiry in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Ferdinand Saussure is considered the father of modern linguistics. Political science[edit source | editbeta] Main articles: Political science and Politics Aristotle asserted that man is a political animal in his Politics[citation needed] Political science is an academic and research discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. Fields and subfields of political science include political economy, political theory and philosophy, civics and comparative politics, theory of direct democracy, apolitical governance, participatory direct democracy, national systems, cross-national political analysis, political development, international relations, foreign policy, international law, politics, public administration, administrative behavior, public law, judicial behavior, and public policy. Political science also studies power in international relations and the theory of Great powers and Superpowers. Political science is methodologically diverse, although recent years have witnessed an upsurge in the use of the scientific method [2]. That is the proliferation of formal-deductive model building and  quantitative hypothesis testing. Approaches to the discipline include rational choice, classical political philosophy, interpretivism, structuralism, and behavioralism, realism, pluralism, and institutionalism. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical documents, interviews, and official records, as well as secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles are used in building and testing theories. Empirical methods include survey research,statistical analysis/econometrics, case studies, experiments, and model building. Herbert Baxter Adams is credited with coining the phrase political science while teaching history at Johns Hopkins University. Public administration [edit source | editbeta] Main article: Public administration One of the main branches of political science, public administration can be broadly described as the development, implementation and study of branches of government policy. The pursuit of the public good by enhancing civil society and social justice is the ultimate goal of the field. Though public administration has historically referred to as government management, it increasingly encompasses non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that also operate with a similar, primary dedication to the betterment of humanity. Its the government protocol to solve a public problem. According to Anne Schneider and Helen Ingram, policies constitute the discourses, text, regulations and laws. Also the making of public policies include the enforcement of such and the tools given to the institutions to do so.[3] Differentiating public administration from business administration, a closely related field, has become a popular method for defining the discipline by contrasting the two. First, the goals of public administration are more closely related to those often cited as goals of the American founders and democratic people in general.[citation needed][dubious – discuss] That is, public employees work to improve equality, justice, security, efficiency, effectiveness, and, at times, the profit.[citation needed] These values help to both differentiate the field from business administration, primarily concerned with profit, and define the discipline. Second, public administration is a relatively new, multidisciplinary field.  Woodrow Wilsons The Study of Administration is frequently cited as the seminal work. Wilson advocated a more professional operation of public officials daily activities. Further, the future president identified the necessity in the United States of a separation between party politics and good bureaucracy, which has also been a lasting theme. The multidisciplinary nature of public administration is related to a third defining feature: administrative duties. Public administrators work in public agencies, at all levels of government, and perform a wide range of tasks. Public administrators collect and analyze data (statistics), monitor fiscal operations (budgets, accounts, and cash flow), organize large events and meetings, draft legislation, develop policy, and frequently execute legally mandated, government activities. Regarding this final facet, public administrators find themselves serving as parole officers, secretaries, note takers, paperwork processors, record keepers, notaries of the public, ca shiers, and managers. Indeed, the discipline couples well with many vocational fields such as information technology, finance, law, and engineering. When it comes to the delivery and evaluation of public services, a public administrator is undoubtedly involved. Psychology[edit source | editbeta] Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was the founder of experimental psychology Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology also refers to the application of suchknowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. The word psychologycomes from the ancient Greek ψυχÎ ®, psyche (soul, mind) and logy, study). Psychology differs from anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology in seeking to capture explanatory generalizations about the mental function and overt behavior of individuals, while the other disciplines focus on creating descriptive generalizations about the functioning of social groups or situation-specific human behavior. In practice, however, there is quite a lot of cross-fertilization that takes place among the various fields. Psychology differs from biology and neuroscience in that it is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior, and of the overall processes of a system, andnot simply the biological or neural processes themselves, though the subfield of neuropsychology combines the study of the actual neural processes with the study of the mental effects they have subjectively produced. Many people associate Psychology with Clinical Psychology which focuses on assessment and treatment of problems in living and psychopathology. In reality, Psychology has myriad specialties including: Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Mathematical psychology, Neuropsychology, and Quantitative Analysis of Behavior to name only a few. Psychology is a very broad science that is rarely tackled as a whole, major block. Although some subfields encompass a natural science base and a social science application, others can be clearly distinguished as having little to do with the social sciences or having a lot to do with the social sciences. For example, biological psychology is considered a natural science with a social scientific application (as is clinical medicine), social and occupational psychology are, generally speaking, purely social sciences, whereas neuropsychology is a natural science that lacks application out of the scientific tradition entirely. In British universities, emphasis on what tenet of psychology a student has studied and/or concentrated is communicated through the degree conferred: B.Psy. indicates a balance between natural and social sciences, B.Sc. indicates a strong (or entire) scientific concentration, whereas a B.A. underlines a majority of social science credits. This is not always necessarily the case however, and in many UK institutions students studying the B.Psy, B.Sc, and B.A. follow the same curriculum as outlined by The British Psychological Society and have the same options of specialism open to them regardless of whether they choose a balance, a heavy science basis, or heavy social science basis to their degree. If they applied to read the B.A. for example, but specialised in heavily science based modules, then they will still generally be awarded the B.A. Sociology[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Sociology Émile Durkheim is considered one of the founding fathers of sociology. Sociology is the systematic study of society and human social action. The meaning of the word comes from the suffix -ology which means study of,  derived from Greek, and the stem soci- which is from the Latin word socius, meaning companion, or society in general. Sociology was originally established by Auguste Comte (1798–1857) in 1838.[29] Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the descriptive understanding of the social realm. He proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological approach outlined in The Course in Positive Philosophy [1830–1842] and A General View of Positivism (1844). Though Comte is generally regarded as the Father of Sociology, the discipline was formally established by another French thinker, Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method. In 1896, he established the journal LAnnà ©e Sociologique. Durkheims seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis frompsychology or philosophy.[30] Karl Marx rejected Comtes positivism but nevertheless aimed to establish a science of society based on historical materialism, becoming recognised as a founding figure of sociology posthumously as the term gained broader meaning. Around the start of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists, including Max Weber and Georg Simmel, developed sociol ogical antipositivism. The field may be broadly recognised as an amalgam of three modes of social thought in particular: Durkheimian positivism and structural functionalism; Marxist historical materialism and conflict theory; Weberian antipositivism and verstehen analysis. American sociology broadly arose on a separate trajectory, with little Marxist influence, an emphasis on rigorous experimental methodology, and a closer association with pragmatism and social psychology. In the 1920s, the Chicago school developedsymbolic interactionism. Meanwhile in the 1930s, the Frankfurt School pioneered the idea of critical theory, an interdisciplinary form of Marxist sociologydrawing upon thinkers as diverse as Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. Critical theory would take on something of a life of its own after World War II, influencing literary criticism and the Birmingham School establishment of cultural studies. Sociology evolved as an academic response to the challenges of modernity, such as industrialization, urbanization,  secularization, and a perceived process of enveloping rationalization.[31]Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. The field generally concerns the social rule s and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, communities and institutions, and includes the examination of the organization and development of human social life. The sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. In the terms of sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, social scientists seek an understanding of the Social Construction of Reality. Most sociologists work in one or more subfields. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure; demography studies changes in a population size or type; criminology examines criminal behavior and deviance; and political sociology studies the interaction between society and state. Since its inception, sociological epistemologies, methods, and frames of enquiry, have significantly expanded and diverged.[32] Sociologists use a diversity of research methods, drawing upon either empirical techniques or critical theory. Common modern methods in clude case studies, historical research, interviewing, participant observation, social network analysis, survey research,statistical analysis, and model building, among other approaches. Since the late 1970s, many sociologists have tried to make the discipline useful for non-academic purposes. The results of sociological research aid educators, lawmakers, administrators, developers, and others interested in resolving social problems and formulating public policy, through subdisciplinary areas such asevaluation research, methodological assessment, and public sociology. New sociological sub-fields continue to appear — such as community studies, computational sociology, environmental sociology, network analysis, actor-network theory and a growing list, many of which are cross-disciplinary in nature. Additional fields of study[edit source | editbeta] Additional applied or interdisciplinary fields related to the Social Sciences include: †¢Archaeology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. †¢Area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. †¢Behavioral science is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world. †¢Computational social science is an umbrella field encompassing computational approaches within the social sciences. †¢Demography is the statistical study of all human populations. †¢Development studies a multidisciplinary branch of social science which addresses issues of concern to developing countries. †¢Environmental social science is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. †¢Environmental studies integrate social, humanistic, and natural science perspectives on the relation between humans and the natural environment. †¢Information science is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. †¢International studies covers both International relations (the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system) and International education (the comprehensive approach that intentionally prepares people to be active and engaged participants in an interconnected world). †¢Journalism is the craft of conveying news, descriptive material and comment via a widening spectrum of media. †¢Legal management is a social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and Legal elements. †¢Library science is an interdisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation and disseminat ion of information resources; and the political economy of information. †¢Management in all business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. †¢Marketing the identification of human needs and wants, defines and measures their magnitude for demand and understanding theprocess of consumer buying behavior to formulate products and services, pricing, promotion and distribution to satisfy these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. †¢Political economy is the study of production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. Methodology[edit source | editbeta] Social research[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Social research The origin of the survey can be traced back at least early as the Domesday Book in 1086,[33][34] whilst some scholars pinpoint the origin of demography to 1663 with the publication of John Graunts Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality.[35] Social research began most intentionally, however, with the positivist philosophy of science in the 19th century. In contemporary usage, social research is a relatively autonomous term, encompassing the work of practitioners from various disciplines which share in its aims and methods. Social scientists employ a range of methods in order to analyse a vast breadth of social phenomena; from census survey data derived from millions of individuals, to the in-depth analysis of a single agents social experiences; from monitoring what is happening on contemporary streets, to the investigation of ancient historical documents. The methods originally rooted in classical sociology and statistical mathematics have formed the basis for research in other disciplines, such as political science, media studies, and marketing and market research. Social research methods may be divided into two broad schools: †¢Quantitative designs approach social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often rely on statistical analysis of many cases (or across intentionally designed treatments in an experiment) to create valid and reliable general claims. †¢Qualitative designs emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress contextual and subjective accuracy over generality Social scientists will commonly combine quantitative and qualitative approaches as part of a multi-strategy design. Questionnaires, field-based data collection, archival database information and laboratory-based data collections are some of the measurement techniques used. It is noted the importance of measurement and analysis, focusing on the (difficult to achieve) goal of objective research or statistical  hypothesis testing. A mathematical model uses mathematical language to describe a system. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modelling (also modeling). Eykhoff (1974) defined a mathematical model as a representation of the essential aspects of an existing system (or a system to be constructed) which presents knowledge of that system in usable form.[36] Mathematical models can take many forms, including but not limited to dynamical systems, statistical models, differential equations, or game theoretic models. These and other types of models can overlap, with a given model involving a variety of abstract structures. The system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. The concept of an integrated whole can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime. Dynamical system modeled as a mathematical formalization has fixed rule which describes the time dependence of a points position in its ambient space. Small changes in the state of the system correspond to small changes in the numbers. The evolution rule of the dynamical system is a fixed rule that describes what future states follow from the current state. The rule is deterministic: for a given time interval only one future state follows from the current state.

Traveling With Children :: Parenting Internet Papers

Traveling With Children About four years ago a friend of mine guided me into a couple of chat rooms. The subject of the rooms had to do with sports. It was very strange how the other members of the community knew when you logged in or logged out. Sometimes the members would see that you were there but not participating in the "conversation". They would try to bring you into the conversation or come right out and ask you what you were there for. The conversations can go quite quickly so I had a hard time keeping up sometimes. They were friendly, though, and would just ask again if a person did not answer in enough time. I have not been in a chat room since. It seems easier when you already know another person in the room. I actually think it is kind of creepy. I will not know who these people are. Do I want them to know my log on name? What if they are weirdoes and look up my personal information on the internet? Do they even have this capability? It is pretty obvious that I do not know much about the internet. I do know how to E-Mail someone. I do not have a problem going to a web site if I know the address. If I am searching for something I actually get very frustrated, because it takes so much time if you do not know what you are doing. One link leads to another, then another, then another and then you forget where you started. The community I am most curious about is the chat room community. I am going to plung right in and face my fears. Will I feel comfortable to participate in the conversations? Will the people in the chat room be talking about something that interests me? Will I be able to keep up? I assume it will be difficult. My topic is "Traveling with Children". I have no idea if there are even any chat rooms out there about this subject. I read an article in the travel section of the Los Angeles Times every other week about traveling with children, so there must be some sort of audience out there. I assume there must be resources on this subject because traveling is so popular. The internet seems like it would be a useful tool for research and if I find the chat rooms I imagine it will be very helpful. Traveling With Children :: Parenting Internet Papers Traveling With Children About four years ago a friend of mine guided me into a couple of chat rooms. The subject of the rooms had to do with sports. It was very strange how the other members of the community knew when you logged in or logged out. Sometimes the members would see that you were there but not participating in the "conversation". They would try to bring you into the conversation or come right out and ask you what you were there for. The conversations can go quite quickly so I had a hard time keeping up sometimes. They were friendly, though, and would just ask again if a person did not answer in enough time. I have not been in a chat room since. It seems easier when you already know another person in the room. I actually think it is kind of creepy. I will not know who these people are. Do I want them to know my log on name? What if they are weirdoes and look up my personal information on the internet? Do they even have this capability? It is pretty obvious that I do not know much about the internet. I do know how to E-Mail someone. I do not have a problem going to a web site if I know the address. If I am searching for something I actually get very frustrated, because it takes so much time if you do not know what you are doing. One link leads to another, then another, then another and then you forget where you started. The community I am most curious about is the chat room community. I am going to plung right in and face my fears. Will I feel comfortable to participate in the conversations? Will the people in the chat room be talking about something that interests me? Will I be able to keep up? I assume it will be difficult. My topic is "Traveling with Children". I have no idea if there are even any chat rooms out there about this subject. I read an article in the travel section of the Los Angeles Times every other week about traveling with children, so there must be some sort of audience out there. I assume there must be resources on this subject because traveling is so popular. The internet seems like it would be a useful tool for research and if I find the chat rooms I imagine it will be very helpful.

Come Back to the Bush Analysis Essay

The poem â€Å"come back to the bush† is an Australian poem written by Thomas a spencer. The poem describes Australia and the Australian outback and how incomparable it is to the city life of London. The poem explores why the outback is unique and great and creates an image in the readers mind representing the Australian outback. The man in the poem has left his home in the outback to go live the high life in London. The verse â€Å"so I brought my folks to London, and we’ve settled down in style†, gives the expression the man is ecstatic and overjoyed living in London. Although the poem explores this particular emotion of the persona, the composer is yet to reveal the personas ‘rough Australian outback man’. This side of him has not left him and voice haunts him to come back home â€Å"to the bush and the wallaby track, to the home in the clearing, the sheep and the sheering†. For those who have not experienced the Australian outback the poet may be perplexing (confusing). The outback is very harsh and barren; the Australian men who have lived in the outback are made for the desolate terrain. The outback is one like no other and has a special connection to many who reside there. This connection has been made with the man. In the poem the voice represented is that of the man who talks about his life in London and how he is living a wonderful life in London. The man later talks about the Australian outback calling him back home. This crushes him and he is baffled with what to do next. The poem addresses the man and talks about how the man is reminded of his home country and where he belongs. The poem addresses men who have left the outback for the city life. The poem calls to men and women who are being haunted on making the life changing decision on whether to leave or stay in the outback. The man has made his decisions but his now reconsidering what to do. The poem shows the distress the man is in and how unaware he is on what to do. The situations the words are spoken in are helplessness, regret and confusion. The persona is regretful of the move and is helpless on making the decision on what to do next. The main argument in the poem is should the man go back home to the outback and why the man had left and weather it was the right decision to make. The reader of the poem is given the perspective that the man is regretting his decision and the question is asked to the audience, is it alright to leave your home and who you are for money and a high life? The reader is quiet involved in the poem which is a very effective strategy used my Thomas spencer. In the poem the reader is invited to see the effect of leaving your identity behind. We as the readers see the regret in the man and his helplessness towards the decision he had made and how that decision had impacted his life. The poem is very meaning full and is interesting. It relates to many readers and is a great poem with the theme belonging embedded in the poem.

Katherine Mansfield stories “Prelude” and “At the Bay” Essay

Two of Katherine Mansfield’s most famous stories are â€Å"Prelude† and â€Å"At the Bay†, both of them portraying a New Zealand family. Both stories, are revolving around the female characters, but the one link that connects all of them is Stanley Burnell, member and provider of the family. The New Zealand critic Carl Stead affirms that Stanley Burnell is a ‘benevolent despot’ meaning that he is a kind person, and a tyrant in the same time. I agree with Stead affirmation, but as it seems somewhat incomplete, I would want to add a few words to it: Stanley character is benevolent but unconsciously despot. Stanley is dynamic and doesn’t like to rely on other people; he is eager to put down roots and settle down. He has no inherited wealth or special education; only his own intellect on which to rely. He is not only responsible for Linda and his children, but he has assumed responsibility for her mother and unmarried sister, Beryl. He works hard and makes sacrifices to support his family. For example, when they are all on holiday in â€Å"At the Bay†, Stanley catches the bus in to work .To have such a busy life, Stanley demands constant support from everyone else into covering his insecurities. He is not only looking for support, but he also expects for other people to try and achieve something on their own as he does. Because Beryl lacks money, Stanley expects her to try and work hard: ‘By Jove, if she can’t do a hand’s turn occasionally without shouting about it in return for†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Stanley does not finish his sentence, being not sure exactly what it is Beryl owes him. This shows that it became a routine for him to financially take care of everybody in the family, and that he does not expect a material reward, even though he wants to see people try. In ‘At the Bay’ there is a moment when all the women seem to enjoy Stanley’s departure: ‘Oh, the relief, the difference it made to have the man out of the house. Their very voices were changed as they called to one another; they sounded warm and loving as if they shared a secret’. But Katherine Mansfield uses this passage to highlight how much they all depend on him. Anyone in Mansfield’s fiction who uses slang or truncated sentences, such as Stanley is suspect of having controversy in the character. Usually, in  Stanley’s dialogs, Katherine Mansfield uses short sentences as trying to prove that he speaks fast. Stanley also seems to use slang and to swear in front of the kids: ‘†What the hell†¦ Damnation take it†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. All this demonstrate that he is a voluble and an action men, as he does not have time to fix his language. There is a tension in Stanley’s life: he is controlled by the need of always to be on time; he can rarely relax. In â€Å"At the Bay†, even going for an early morning swim, he flung, cleared, rushed staggered, raced, swooped, in order to be first in, and once in, he can not stop to enjoy it: â€Å"I have no tie to fool about†. This is a good example of life authenticity (a recreation of life) that Mansfield achieves. The scene happens in early morning, to highlight that Stanley was used to getting up early. Mansfield uses a very subtle mixture of precision and action, to portray exactly his enthusiasm. She has run every step behind him and she slows down the motion by using the word ‘staggered’ – ‘staggered up the sandy hillock’. Mansfield intends to slow down Stanley’s race not because he was tired, but because his feet were sinking into the sand. This race might represent the symbol of his life. Stanley’s life is a race in which he wants to be the best. But just as his feet sink in the sand, in real life he meets obstacles and becomes insecure, needing the family support to give him the strength to keep going, ‘racing for dear life’. In the passage the atmosphere seems to be filled with excitement, even joy, which shows that Stanley is happy with his complicated life. Mansfield uses lots of words like â€Å"exulting†, â€Å"swoops† and â€Å"souse† to convey his thoughts and feelings. He wades out ‘exulting’. He ‘swoops’ to ‘souse’ his head and neck, delighted with himself for being first in the water again. Then he hears Jonathan Trout’s voice and he realizes that he is not first after all and small explosions occurring inside his head. ‘†Great Scott! Damnation take it! Why the dickens didn’t the fellow stick to his part of the sea?†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ To escape from Jonathan conversation, which he thinks of as ‘piffle’ and ‘rot’, he turns over on his back and kicks with his legs till he is ‘a living water-spout’. Stanley seems ridiculous as we witness his confidence, delights and disappointments because he is acting like a child and is hard to understand that he is the same person that is very successful in business. This is why I added the word unconsciously to Carl Stead affirmation that Stanley is a benevolent despot. He pushes people to work hard and be like him, but he does not realize that this might be harder for some people than he thinks. If he would know that he is hurting his family, especially Linda, he would stop bullying them. He loves Linda too much and would never want to hurt her. He thinks he will punish her by going off in the morning without saying goodbye, but he regrets he did that and he suffers all day â€Å"I’ve been in tortures† . He arrives home ready to apologise for something that was unnoticed. Linda cares about him too but she keeps him away from getting to close by misinterpreting his actions on purpose. When he arrives home with ‘all the harvest of the earth’, expensive gifts for her – oysters, a pineapple, and cherries – she refers to them as ‘these silly things’; she drapes a cluster of cherries over his ear, knowing full well that he hates to appear foolish. She acts this way because Stanley is the antithesis with her. He has all the energy she lacks. He becomes more successful at business, more prosperous, and more secure in the home while she loses strength. His quick movements and rapid speech exhaust her. When he worries bout running to fat, Linda replies â€Å"You are far too energetic† and he interprets her answer as a reassurance, when it can also mean that he is to energetic for her, as when she wants to scream at him â€Å"You are killing me†. He seems to dominate her, like when she does not resist his sexual acts. Linda admires Stanley’s best qualities: his goodness, his reliability, and his honesty. She compares Stanley with Jonathan Trout, whom she finds attractive and whom she has much in common. Stanley doesn’t like a person like Trout, a person of dreams and impractical ideas, because he, Stanley is a man of action. Linda also cares about Stanley because she is aware of the fact that he is providing the money for the family, and admires his devotion. Katherine Mansfield, at first sight, seems to make Stanley Burnell look as if he is a tyrant, a despot, because he is pushing everybody to work hard, but he is actually a positive character, because he has the dignity and the morality to deal with his life and take the responsibility of looking after his family.

How to Write a Family History Project

How to Write a Family History Project Writing a family history may seem like a daunting task, but when the relatives start nagging, you can follow these five  easy steps to make your family history project a reality. Choose a Format What do you envision for your family history project? A simple photocopied booklet shared only with family members or a full-scale, hard-bound book to serve as a reference for other genealogists? Perhaps youd rather produce a family newsletter, cookbook, or website. Now is the time to be honest with yourself about the type of family history that meetings your needs and your schedule. Otherwise, youll have a half-finished product nagging you for years to come. Considering your interests, potential audience, and the types of materials you have to work with, here are some forms your family history can take: Memoir/Narrative: A combination of story and personal experience, memoirs,  and narratives do not need to be all-inclusive or objective. Memoirs usually focus on a specific episode or time period in the life of a single ancestor, while a narrative generally encompasses a group of ancestors.Cookbook: Share your familys favorite recipes while writing about the people who created them. A fun project to assemble, cookbooks help carry on the family tradition  of cooking and eating together.Scrapbook or Album: If youre fortunate enough to have a large collection of family photos and memorabilia, a scrapbook or photo album can be a fun way to tell your familys story. Include your photos in chronological order and include stories, descriptions, and family trees to complement the pictures. Most family histories are generally narrative in nature, with a combination of personal stories, photos, and family trees. Define the Scope Do you intend to write mostly about just one particular relative, or everyone in your family tree? As the author, you need to choose a focus for your family history book. Some possibilities include: Single Line of Descent:  Begin  with the earliest known ancestor for a particular surname and follows him/her through a single line of descent (to yourself, for example). Each chapter of your book would cover one ancestor or generation.All Descendants Of...:  Begin  with an individual or couple and cover all of their descendants, with chapters organized by generation. If youre focusing your family history on an immigrant ancestor, this is a good way to go.Grandparents:  Include  a section on each of your four grandparents, or eight great-grandparents, or sixteen great-great-grandparents if you are feeling  ambitious. Each individual section should focus on one grandparent and work backward through their ancestry or forward from his/her earliest known ancestor. Again, these suggestions can easily be adapted to fit your interests, time constraints,  and creativity. Set Realistic Deadlines Even though youll likely find yourself scrambling to meet them, deadlines force you to complete each stage of your project. The goal here is to get each piece done within a specified time frame. Revising and polishing can always be done later. The best way to meet these deadlines is to schedule writing time, just as you would a visit to the doctor or the hairdresser. Choose a Plot and  Themes Thinking of your ancestors as characters in your family  story, ask yourself: what problems and obstacles did they face? A plot gives your family history interest and focus. Popular family history plots and themes include: Immigration/MigrationRags to RichesPioneer or Farm LifeWar Survival Do Your Background Research If you want your family history to read more like a suspense novel than a dull, dry textbook,  it is important to make the reader feel like an eyewitness to your familys life. Even when your ancestors didnt leave accounts of their daily lives, social histories can help you learn about the experiences of people in a given time and place. Read town and city histories to learn what life was life during certain periods of interest.  Research timelines  of wars, natural disasters, and epidemics to see if any might have influenced your ancestors. Read up on the fashions, art, transportation, and common foods of the time. If you havent already, be sure to interview all of your living relatives. Family stories told in a relatives own words will add a personal touch to your book. Dont Be Afraid to Use Records and Documents Photos, pedigree charts, maps, and other illustrations can also add interest to family history and help break up the writing into manageable chunks for the reader. Be sure to include detailed captions for any photos or illustrations that you incorporate. Include an Index and Source Citations Source citations are an essential part of any family book, to both provide credibility to your research, and to leave a trail that others can follow to verify your findings.

14 Character Archetypes to Help You Build a Strong Character Cast

14 Character Archetypes to Help You Build a Strong Character Cast 14 Character Archetypes to Help You Build a Strong Character Cast Using character archetypes in your book is a great way to ensure you have a diverse cast with specific roles.Because without good charactersyour readers wont find a good reason to keep readingThe character development of your story can make the biggest difference in hooking real fans for lifeand losing readers for good.Well help you discover some character archetypes you can use to ensure your readers are ensnared in the grasp of your story from start to finish.Heres a list of 14 character archetypes:The LeaderThe OutsiderThe CaregiverThe RebelThe MentorThe ProfessorThe WarriorThe HunkThe WiseThe OrphanThe HeroThe JesterThe SeducerThe BullyNOTE: If youre ready to take these archetypes to the next step and flesh them out with your very own coach, check out our VIP Fiction Selfs: The LeaderFor more clarity, here are some recognizable examples of this character archetype where you can easily identify these traits.Harry Potter in the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Throughout the se ries, Rowling paint Harry as a leader in several ways. We first see him as less than a leader, living under the stairs but as the story progresses, his leadership shines in several ways. Firstly, he decides to forgo friendship with Draco Malfoy because, well, he doesnt believe him to be a good person. This sets the stage for even more leadership characteristics as he stands up to Snape, and ultimately takes on Voldemort in the end. His leadership continues to grow as he leads his friends and classmates through difficult times in the series.Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins The first act of leadership we see from Katniss is the very beginning of the story. She is hunting for her familyso they can eat. Its a very basic form of leadership thats necessary due to her moms state after her father passes away. We continue to see her leadership flourish as she volunteers as tribute, sets a precedent of distaste for the games, and ultimately saves both her own a nd Peetas life by the end of the first book.Tobias Kaya in The Saviors Champion by Jenna Moreci Tobias begins the book as a provider for his family. This leadership role is necessary due to his sisters disability. As the book progresses and Tobias enters the deadly tournament, allies seem to be his only means of survival. He bands together (somewhat reluctantly) with a few key competitors and soon finds himself as the voice of their group, making decisions out of instinct without even realizing the position hes in.#2 Character Archetype: The Outsider/WildcardThis character archetype serves a very distinct purpose. Oftentimes, this is a character that adds a layer of mystery and intrigue to the story.For example, this character wont be close to your main character or even other secondary characters. They often come into the story to aid or solve a specific issue, but can also be seen as untrustworthy.Character Archetype Examples:Johanna Mason in The Hunger Games trilogy Johannah M ason meets Katniss and Peeta during the opening of the 75th Hunger Games. Wild, unpredictable, and untrustworthy is our first reactions to her, solidifying her character archetype as the outsider or wildcard. Because her character is so unpredictable, were both worried and interested in what shell do next, which increases the tension when she appears on the page.Luna Lovegood in the Harry Potter series Luna Lovegood is a very important character in the Harry Potter series but is often seen as an outsider not only from her own perspective but from others. We dont really know what shell do next and this adds to the intrigue of any scene shes in.#3 Character Archetype: The CaregiverThis character archetype speaks for itself. The caregiver is essentially the character who serves to take care of others.They often have qualities that are parently and can be the voice of reason when the plot thickens. This character is one others often turn to for help, reassurance, and even encouragemen t.Characters may also wonder how theyd get through what they have without this one character ensuring their safety and wellbeing.Character Archetype Examples:Louisa Clark in Me Before You The main purpose of this characters role is to be a caretaker. Her job in the story is to care for a disabled man. The characteristics she possesses in the story are directly in line with this character archetype of being a voice of reason, encouragement, and caring for others in the story.Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter series While Hermiones character serves several purposes throughout the story, a major contributing factor to her narrative is the care she takes of both Ron and Harry. How many times throughout the series do the two of them even say, What would I do without you? This is a common reaction to the caretaker character archetype.#4 Character Archetype: The RebelMany main characters can fall under The Rebel character archetype because this trait often leads to interesting and in triguing conflict readers latch onto.Keep in mind, however, that this is also a great archetype to use for villains or antagonists.The qualities that make up The Rebel archetype are exactly what youd expect; the characters often go against the grain, resist rules, regulations, and orders, as well as follow their own paths.Character Archetype Examples:Fred and George from the Harry Potter series While Fred and George, twin brother of Ron Weasley in the series, are also known as The Jester character archetypes (which well cover below), theyre primarily rebels as well. The most infamous instance that showcases this is in book 5 when Delores Umbridge takes over. They drive her out with their own invented pranks, sticking it to the man in the way they know how best.Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games trilogy Katniss may not have thought herself a rebel at first, but her actions quickly showcase her natural rebel side. From threatening to eat Nightlock berries at the end of the first b ook to actually leading the rebellion as a whole, shes The Rebel through and through.#5 Character Archetype: The MentorOne of the most iconic (and sometimes clichà ©d) characters in stories is The Mentor.Im sure many examples are already popping up in your mind for this one. A classic example of this is Albus Dumbledore in the Harry Potter series.The Mentor character archetype is someone who serves as a source of information, motivation, support, and encouragement usually for the protagonist or that group in a novel.This character is also commonly used as an exposition element in the sense that they can provide information to the protagonist that the audience also needs to know, but in a natural way that doesnt feel like infos:Albus Dumbledore in the Harry Potter series As mentioned above Albus Dumbledore is a prime example of a mentor in this series. He guides, teaches, supports, and encourages not only Harry, but several students he grew close to throughout the series.Haymitch Abernathy in The Hunger Games trilogy This may be unclear at first, but Haymitch is literally and figuratively The Mentor in this trilogy. His character literally mentors Katniss and Peeta in the games as his duty but later mentors them in ways unrelated to the games by offering advice and taking on their personal conflicts.#6 Character Archetype: The ProfessorThe Professor and The Mentor are very similar character archetypes. However, with The Professor the emphasis is on their role as an educator and teacher instead of just a mentor.Therefore, Dumbledore can be seen as The Professor, though another character occupies that role in this series.This character archetype is usually a teacher or educator the main character grows close to. The key defining factor is that The Professor both teaches in a formal way, but also takes an interest in aiding your characters personal life and journey. They offer guidance and help when the characters need it most and can be a gos:John Keating in Dead Poets Society In this iconic story, Professor Keating guides his students on a journey through poetryand adolescence. Not only does he teach his students poetry in a way they can understand and appreciate, hes also instrumental in developing Todd Anderson, the main character and student.Professor McGonagall in the Harry Potter series This archetype is evident in Professor McGonagall as well. Her role is to be an educator and to hold students to the highest standard, pushing them and even creating conflict within the story.Mr. Bruner in The Edge of 17 Mr. Bruner is Nadines teacher and also someone she goes to for guidance in her personal life. He not only serves as her educator in school, but hes a confidant for Nadines personal problems and helps her get through them.#7 Character Archetype: The WarriorWhen you think of this character archetype, its very evident which characters fall under this category.Think of the best warriors in any movie where they appear. Those charac ters are often tough, confident, and skilled in combat. Many army officers, commanders, and persons in charge of armies will occupy this archetype.But a character doesnt need to be in a role of combat or military in order to be The Warrior. They can possess qualities of a warrior without the title.The Warrior can also be both a good or bad character.Character Archetype Examples:Gray Worm in the Game of Thrones series Chosen to lead the Unsullied under command of Daenarys Stormborn in this series because he has no fear, his character is the epitome of The Warrior. He is fierce, skilled, battles:The Adonis in The Saviors Champion by Jenna Moreci In the Sovereigns Tournament, a competition to the death to win the hand of The Savior, there are several competitors, one of which is nicknamed The Adonis. This character is very much the stereotypical hunk with no brains, and it serves a very distinct purpose in this novel. Hes a fans:Gandalf in the Lord of the Rings Series While this cha racter also serves as The Mentor, its important to note that hes a very wise, alls:Tony Stark from The Marvel comics Although Stark loses his parents at the age of 21, this plays a big role in who he is in the franchise. After they pass, he has to take over his fathers company, where he grows into the person we really know him as: Ironman. Their death also plays a pivotal plot point in storylines later as well.Harry Potter in the Harry Potter series Harrys parents died when he was a baby but they left before something so important, the series could not have been written ass:Heres a long list of The Hero character archetypes:Harry PotterKatniss EverdeenMarvel SuperheroesMatilda Wormwood in MatildaHuckleberry FinnBeowulfAtticus FinchNeville LongbottomHermione GrangerRon WeasleyThe entire Order of the PhoenixPeeta MellarkTobias Kaya#12 Character Archetype: The JesterIf your favorite character in stories is ever the goofball whos really funny, theyre likely The Jester character arche type.This type of character has a few jobs, the main one being comedic relief. They can serve as a strong literary device to cut the tension in order to give characters a relief, or to distract from something worse coming up.A couple of key identifiers of The Jester in stories is that they cut tension either with what they say or do, are the butt of every joke, or make others the butt of every joke. The Jesters job is to elicit laughs and keep the scene and mood light.Character Archetype Examples:Fred and George Weasley in the Harry Potter series Weve already talked about these rebels but theyre also very much Jesters for this series. They make jokes and even pull pranks, both of which lighten the mood of a story thats very dark.Fat Amy in Pitch Perfect The story of Pitch Perfect is made hilarious by Fat Amy, one of the main characters. She adds jokes, comedy by the way her character acts, and generally brings the story to a new level of funny.Dory in Finding Nemo Weve all laughe d at Dory in this story. Because of her short memory, there are plenty of moments for jokes and laughter, not to mention her characters general demeanor.#13 Character Archetype: The Seductress/SeducerWith this character archetype, theres a very specific goal of the seducing behavior.Most often, this character is someone whos attractive and can seduce someone in order to get something they want, or even to subdue them in order to do this.The main point of The Seducer archetype is to trick someone into being vulnerable in order to gain the upper hand in any type of situation, whether thats life or death or simply getting out of a speeding ticket.Character Archetype Examples:Dominika Egorova in Red Sparrow This character archetype for this movie is quite unique. While her character, with the alias of Katerina, may not have been this type to start, she is taught this very specific skill in order to achieve her goals as a spy.Black Widow in the Marvel comics Similar to the previous ex ample, this character was trained in many art forms, seducing being one of them. Her character often has to seduce men, playing to their deepest desires, in order to extract information for the intelligence agency she works with.#14 Character Archetype: The BullyWe all know a bully in real life and stories have no exception to their presence. Of the character archetypes, this one is easy to stop.Its is often used to make your main characters life a lot harder. They can be a bully physically or even emotionally. As long as they belittle your character to the point of increasing conflict in the story, theyre The Bully.Character Archetype Examples:Draco Malfoy in the Harry Potter series From the get-go, Draco Malfoy has bullied Harry Potter and his friends. He puts them down, tries to disrupt them with their plans, and even tries to have Harry killed (and kill him himself) later in the series.Regina George in Mean Girls This character is the epitome of a bully. She puts others down and makes them feel like less than, so much so that the climax of the movie comes to a head with her burn book, which consists of a diary of bullying comments about others.Patty in Diary of a Whimpy Kid There are several bullies in this story, the main characters own brother being one, but Patty indeed holds this title as well. She consistently bullies Greg throughout the story.Are your characters ready for their own book?If youre ready to take the next step, the real step toward launching yourself as an established author, this training will help.Now that you have your character archetypes, its time to put the wheels of writing your book in motion.

Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Autism - Essay Example No info needed. Trends refer to events that re-occur or are in the process of changing. For example the topic might be talked about repeatedly because of new technologies or awareness of problems or solutions. Prevalence rates might be changing. Solutions might be slowly being implemented. No unfortunately I have no way to check if there were issues noted. Issues often refer to impediments to implementing solutions, such as the costs of diagnostic equipment, insurance coverage problems, resistance to change. The various sources definitely do agree with the issues and trends. The issue of autism is selected as the research topic. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is a body of law which agrees with the trends and issues related to autism.  Was the law the only resource you used? The assignment was to review four specific types of articles that summarized research.   I especially find the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the book Autism and Asperger Syndrome by Uta Frith (Frith , Uta (1991) Autism and Aspergers Syndrome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) Uta Frith is regarded by many as one of the best developmental psychologists in the UK. She’s associated with University College London’s Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience. She’s also considered an authority on the subject of autism. [Good analysis] On the other hand, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is the foremost law in the US regarding disabilities such as autism and is concerned with any type of discrimination which is based on a person’s disability.   There are a few important criteria which help me in evaluating the sources which are to be used. The first stage for a successful evaluation of sources is pre evaluation or screening of the information. Firstly, one needs to be perfectly clear what exact information one is searching for. Information can range from statistics, reasoned arguments and eyewitness reports to

Essay Question. Discuss Mertons five modes of adaptation and give an

Question. Discuss Mertons five modes of adaptation and give an example of each - Essay Example The acceptance or rejection in terms of cultural goals and institutionalized means is an important facet of understanding Merton’s five modes of adaptation. Merton believes that conformity is the most common kind of the five modes of adaptation. What happens during this mode is that people try to achieve success by employing traditional methodologies that are apparent (Merton 1985). Similarly Merton is of the view that the mode of innovation uses a small, yet substantial change with the perspective of the people while the mode is still in conformity but is in the process of tilting towards innovation. The third mode is ritualism where the deviant behavior rejects the attitude towards goals but believes staunchly within the attitude to means. Retreatism is the fourth mode of adaptation which rejects both attitudes towards goals and means while rebellion, being the last of the Merton’s five nodes seems to be in a fix regarding the rejection or acceptance of the attitudes towards cultural goals and institutionalized means. Merton’s paradigm of deviant behavior is one theory which dedicatedly believes on the premise of tying up the five modes which significantly outline the differences between the institutionalized means and the cultural goals (Merton 1942).